DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, a molecule that carries genetic information.
RNA: Ribonucleic acid, a molecule that plays a key role in protein synthesis.
Protein: A macromolecule made up of amino acids that carries out a variety of functions in the cell.
Enzyme: A type of protein that catalyzes chemical reactions in the cell.
Cell membrane: The thin, flexible layer that surrounds all cells and regulates the movement of molecules in and out of the cell.
Mitosis: The process by which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
Meiosis: The process by which cells divide to produce gametes (sperm and eggs), each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
Gene: A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein or trait.
Allele: One of two or more alternative forms of a gene.
Mutation: A change in the DNA sequence that can result in altered gene function or the creation of new alleles.
Natural selection: The process by which individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, leading to the evolution of populations over time.
Adaptation: A trait or characteristic that increases an organism’s fitness in its environment.
Photosynthesis: The process by which green plants convert sunlight into energy in the form of organic compounds.
Cellular respiration: The process by which cells convert organic compounds into energy in the form of ATP.
Ecosystem: A community of living and non-living things that interact with each other and their environment.
Homeostasis: The ability of organisms to maintain a stable internal environment in the face of changing external conditions.
Evolution: The process by which species change over time as a result of genetic variation and natural selection.
Ecology: The study of the interactions between living organisms and their environment.
Biotechnology: The use of living organisms or their products to develop new products or processes.
Epidemiology: The study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease in populations.
Chromosome: A structure made of DNA and protein that carries genetic information.
Cytoplasm: The gel-like substance inside a cell that contains organelles and other cell components.
Organelle: A specialized structure within a cell that performs a specific function.
Nucleus: The control center of a cell that contains the cell’s DNA.
Ribosome: The site of protein synthesis in a cell.
Mitochondria: The organelles responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration.
Chloroplast: The organelles in plant cells responsible for photosynthesis.
Cytoskeleton: The network of protein filaments that give a cell its shape and allow for movement.
Endoplasmic reticulum: A network of membranes in the cytoplasm that is involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
Golgi apparatus: An organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion or transport.
Lysosome: An organelle that contains enzymes for breaking down and recycling cellular waste.
Vacuole: A membrane-bound organelle that stores materials such as water, nutrients, and waste products.
ATP: Adenosine triphosphate, the molecule that carries energy within cells.
Aerobic respiration: The process of producing ATP in the presence of oxygen.
Anaerobic respiration: The process of producing ATP in the absence of oxygen.
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